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论城市闲置地对景观带来的影响以及景观设计师应懂得的设计技巧

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发布日期:2013-11-25
1 城市闲置土地带来的主要问题
Much of the problem of idle land city
1.1 破坏城市景观形象
(Damage the image of urban landscape)
城市土地如果长期搁置不用,无人问津,会导致杂草丛生,久而久之变成城市中的一片“荒野”,期间被大量建筑废料、废旧破烂、生活垃圾占据,使得城市环境变得脏乱。部分城市流浪者和无家可归人员常选择在此随意搭建栖身之所,一些社会闲杂人员也在此聚集,更使得原本萧条的土地变得更加杂乱。
(If you lay up for a long time, urban land, can lead to weeds, and gradually become the city's "wilderness", during a large number of construction waste, waste rags and living garbage, make the urban environment become messy. Some cities homeless and homeless people often choose in shelter, this name only some social workers also gathered here, more make the depression of land become more clutter.)
1.2 不利于城市生态环境景观设计建设
(The city ecological environment construction)
土地资源的大面积开发一般会造成区域景观结构和功能的快速演变,从而破坏原有自然景观生态系统。因为其开发过程本身具有极强的粗放性,缺乏相应的生态补偿和水土保持措施,所以造成土地原本较完整的生态结构受到强烈的人为干扰。于是,导致原有植被过度消耗,生物量减少,可利用的水资源减少,水土流失加剧等,而城市热岛效应也得不到改善,不利于城市整体生态环境建设。
(The massive development of land resources in general will cause the regional landscape structure and function of rapid evolution, thus undermining the natural landscape ecosystem. Because of its development process itself has determine the extensiveness of an extremely strong, the lack of corresponding ecological compensation and soil and water conservation measures, so cause the land originally a complete ecological structure under strong anthropogenic interference. So, leading to excessive consumption, the original vegetation biomass decreased, available water resources, soil erosion is aggravated, the urban heat island effect also can not get improved, is not conducive to the overall urban ecological environment construction.)
缺乏植被或植被覆盖率较低的土壤会逐渐退化,这对维护城市空气质量非常不利。因为土壤能通过微生物、物理和化学的过程移除污染气体,而研究发现,退化土壤的吸附作用效率不如健康土壤强。而且,裸露的地表还会增加空气中的低层较粗砂砾含量,例如,北京沙尘天气的形成与本地沙源就有很大关系 。
(The lack of vegetation or vegetation coverage in lower soil will gradually degenerate, the maintenance of urban air quality is very bad. Because the soil by microbe, physical and chemical process to remove pollution gases, while the study found that the adsorption efficiency of degraded soil than soil is strong and healthy. And bare surface also increases the lower relatively coarse gravel content in the air, for example, the formation and local sand dust weather in Beijing has a lot to do.)
1.3 不利于城市周边耕地资源保护
(Cultivated land resource protection against cities)
1.4 影响城市整体功能发挥
(The overall function influence city)
2005年6月,根据国土资源部组织的一期未开发土地的调查,现在全国房地产开发商手里逾期未开发的土地有近40万亩。中国土地学会副秘书长邵捷传说:虽然房地产商手里的积压土地不是最多的,但通常是地段最好,价值最高的。开发商手中囤积了大量土地,延迟开发的做法将会导致在城市用地空间布局中,占据城市优越区位的土地得不到优先使用,使得土地的区位优势得不到充分发挥,造成原本规划的城市商务中心得不到发展,城市用地的空间布局因而呈现不合理的状态,最终将牵制城市经济发展速度,使得城市的整体功能发挥不出来。
(In June 2005, according to the ministry of land and resources organization issue of undeveloped land, now the national real estate developer fails to develop at the hands of the nearly 400000 mu of land. Deputy secretary-general of China land Shao Jie legend: although the backlog of real estate developers in land is not the most, but often it is a section of the best, the highest value. Developers hoarding a large amount of land, the practice of delayed development would lead to land in the city space layout, occupy the city superior location of the land can not get priority to use, can not give full play to the location advantage of land, cause the original planning of city business center is not development, urban land spatial layout and thus presents the unreasonable state, will eventually contain city's economic development speed, the overall function of the city play not to come out)
因此可见,城市大量土地闲置带来了诸多问题,对城市的未来发展极其不利。违背了发展循环经济和建设节约型社会的重要内容,与建设可持续性社会的宏伟目标背道而驰,严重威胁子孙后代的可持续发展。因而,对闲置土地的处置工作十分紧迫。
(So visible, and the city a large number of idle land has brought many problems, detrimental to the future development of the city. Against the development of circular economy and build a conservation-minded society's important content, and the construction of sustainable social grand target, a serious threat to the sustainable development of future generations. Therefore, disposal of idle land work is very urgent.)
依目前的情况来看,国家对闲置土地的处置工作多依赖土地管理的法律法规,主要措施包括行政处理和行政处罚,已经建立和讨论了有关土地节约集约利用的观点和方法,并且取得了一定的效果。但是,笔者认为,城市闲置土地的处置问题,改革土地管理制度只是一方面,何况,国土资源部闲置土地的处置规定一般闲置土地需等闲置满两年期限后才可作出重新安排,说明闲置土地的事实认定需要两年以上的刚性时长,那么闲置的两年时间,对城市各方面所带来的不良影响怎么办,所以,对于闲置土地的处置,笔者认为应该加强城市规划体系的指导性和约束力,从闲置土地给城市造成的问题直接入手,以改善城市生态环境,维护城市景观形象为目标,对城市闲置土地的处置方式提出几点建议,配合国家土地管理工作,以期将闲置土地给城市发展带来的显性或隐性损失减少到最小,促进城市更快更好的发展。
(In accordance with the present situation, the state of idle land disposal work more dependent on land management laws and regulations, the main measures include administrative punishment and administrative penalty, has been established and discussed about the ideas and methods of the economical and intensive utilization of land, and has obtained the certain effect. However, the author thinks that, the city of idle land disposal, land management system reform is just on the other hand, besides, the ministry of land and resources of the idle land disposal regulations usually idle land shall spare full two years after the deadline to rearrange, explain the facts of the idle land that rigid time need more than two years, so idle for two years, adverse effect brought by the aspects of city to do, so, for the disposal of idle land, the author thinks that we should strengthen the guidance and binding of urban planning system, from the problems of idle land to city directly, in order to improve the urban ecological environment, maintenance of urban landscape image as the goal, some Suggestions are put forward on the city's idle land disposal way, cooperate with national land management work, in the hope of the idle land brings to the urban development of dominant or recessive loss reduce to a minimum, promote the development of the city better and faster)
2 关于城市闲置土地景观化处置的几点建议
(Some Suggestions about city idle land landscape disposition)
2.1 利用城市闲置土地发展都市农业景观
(Urban agriculture landscape utilization of idle land development)
都市农业(Agriculturein City Countryside) ,原本在英文中的意思是“都市圈中的农地作业”。在经济发达国家的一些大城市中,保留一些可以耕作的土地,由居住在城市的人耕作,这就是“圈中”所确定的特定区域概念。在日本,城市扩张速度越来越快,城市郊区耕地非农化也随之加速,于是原先残留在城市中的零星土地开始受到重视,其生态效益在都市农业的方式下得到改善。因此,我们可以借鉴都市农业的方式,针对原本为耕地被直接划拨为建设用地,但从未被用于建设开发的土地,即未被人为破坏又无污染的土地,可直接利用其种植农作物,可以重点考虑栽植蔬菜果树、花卉等,例如日本东京的“插花型”农业从而既满足城市居民的生活需求;又可以形成有特色的城市农田景观,为城市景观带来新的空间特质,实现“田园城市”的设想;还能有效的发挥城市闲置土地的经济效益和生态效益。
(Urban agriculture (Agriculturein City Countryside), the original meaning in English is "farmland homework in metropolitan circle". In the economic developed countries in some big cities, can keep some farming land, by the people who live in the city of farming, this is the "circle" to determine the specific areas of the concept. In Japan, the urban expansion speed faster and faster, and the city suburb of non-agriculturalization of farmland is accelerated, so the original residual scattered land began to be taken seriously in the city, the ecological benefit under the way of urban agriculture to improve. Therefore, we can draw lessons from urban agriculture, aiming at originally for cultivated land being allocated directly into land for construction purposes, but has never been used for construction and development of land, which is not man-made destruction and pollution of land, can be directly used to the cultivation of crops, can consider to plant vegetables, fruit trees, flowers, etc., for example "ChaHuaXing" in Tokyo, Japan agriculture so as to satisfy the needs of urban residents; And can form a distinctive urban farmland landscape, urban landscape a new spatial characteristics, implement the idea of "garden city"; Can effective play to the city of idle land economic benefit and ecological benefit.)
2.2 将城市闲置土地建设成为城市临时休闲绿地
(City of the city of idle land into a temporary recreational green space)
目前最常见、最简单的方式是铺设草皮,但是草坪毕竟景观效果单一,种类单一,提供的生态效益也较差。有测定结果显示,一般草坪的吸尘率为8%,灌木结合草坪形式的吸尘率为21% ,乔灌草形式的吸尘率为40 %。由此可见,不同绿地类型的生态效益是有所差别的,因此,在对闲置土地进行绿化时可以考虑结合乔木、灌木种植,甚至作为将来场地建设的储苗基地,不仅能获得更好的生态效益和经济效益,还能形成较丰富的景观效果。笔者认为目前有人提倡将闲置土地作为苗圃使用,不失为一个兼顾经济和生态效益的做法,但如果场地位于城市重要地段或人口密集区,就应该兼顾社会效益,考虑对其进行简单的城市自然开放空间设计,交由一些新生设计人员甚至在校学生进行设计,既为他们提供实践机会,又能为周围市民提供一个具有休闲功能的临时绿地,适当的放置一些休闲及活动设施,满足人的基本休闲需求。甚至结合将来规划项目的特质,提前对场地进行场地标志性景观设计,例如雕塑、摆设等。
(By far the most common, the simplest way is laying turf, but the lawn landscape effect, after all, a single, single species, provide ecological benefit is poor. Have, according to the results of determination of general lawn dust absorption rate of 8%, shrubs in combination with the lawn in the form of dust collection rate was 21%, dust absorption rate was 40%. in the form of halosols deserts. Therefore, the ecological benefits of different green space types is different, therefore, can consider when the idle land greening combined with planting trees, shrubs, or even as a field in the future construction of store seedling base, not only can obtain better ecological and economic benefits, also can form a rich landscape effect. The author thinks that at present some people advocate the idle land use as a nursery, is a both economic and ecological benefits, but if the site is located in the city of key locations or densely populated areas, they should give attention to both social benefit and consider to simple natural open space of urban design, to some new designers and even students to carry on the design, both provide practice chance for them, and provide the one which has the function of leisure for people around the temporary green space, the appropriate place some leisure facilities and activities, meet the demand of people's basic leisure. Combined with the characteristics of planning project in the future, even in advance to the site to site landmark landscape design, such as sculpture, decoration, etc)
2.3 作为艺术创作设计园地,兼顾场地历史延续
(As a art design field, both history continuation)
对于一些曾经开发建设过、使用过,但使用期满而未被新的开发商马上重新开发建设的闲置土地,场地内一般都保有原先的遗留建筑物或者构筑设施。可以依赖城市设计创意人员的智力和创造力,通过转换功能,废物利用等手段进行改造和设计,激发场地活力,建成具有纪念意义的城市空间。
(For some ever development construction, used, but was not new developers use the expiry of the right to development and construction of idle land, left the field generally keep building or construction of facilities. Can rely on urban design creative intelligence and creativity, through the transformation function, to modify and design method such as recycling, stimulate vitality space, built a memorable urban space.)
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